Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche

RAH-66 Comanche
Test flight of the first RAH-66 prototype
Role Reconnaissance/Attack helicopter
Manufacturer Boeing Helicopters / Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation
First flight 4 January 1996
Status Canceled
Primary user United States Army
Number built 2
Program cost US$ 6.9 billion (2004)[1]

The Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche was an advanced U.S. Army military helicopter intended for the armed reconnaissance role, incorporating stealth technologies. It was also intended to designate targets for the AH-64 Apache.[2] The RAH-66 program was canceled in 2004 before it was fielded.

Contents

Development

In 1982 the U.S. Army started the Light Helicopter Experimental (LHX) program to replace UH-1, AH-1, OH-6, and OH-58 helicopters. This requirement was changed to a reconnaissance helicopter by 1988.[3]

Request for proposals for the new helicopter type were released in June 1988. In October 1988, the Boeing-Sikorsky and Bell-McDonnell Douglas teams received contracts for their designs.[4] The program's name was changed to Light Helicopter (LH) in 1990.[5] In April 1991, the Boeing-Sikorsky team was selected as the contest winner and received a contract to build four prototypes.[6] Also that month the helicopter was designated RAH-66 Comanche by the Army.[5] In 1993, the first prototype began assembly. The following year the number of prototypes was cut to two.[6]

Flight testing of prototypes

The first Comanche prototype was rolled out of the Sikorsky Aircraft's helicopter production facility on 25 May 1995.[7] The prototype's maiden flight occurred on 4 January 1996.[8] Flight qualification tests and evaluations were conducted for the two DEM/VAL (Demonstration and Validation Phase) prototypes. Through the early 2000s, the U.S. Army planned to purchase over 1,200 Comanches to fill the scout and light attack roles, with deliveries of operational RAH-66s beginning in 2006.[9]

Flight testing was conducted with the two prototypes. The first Comanche prototype, serial 94-0327, completed 318 flights over 387 hours before ending its testing career in January 2002. After meeting key criteria, the RAH-66 entered the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase on 1 June 2000. Efforts to reduce empty weight by 200 lb (90.7 kg) or 2% to meet target weight were begun later that year. The second prototype, 95-0001, was in flight testing until May 2001.[5] In 2002 the program was restructured and the number of Comanches to be purchased was cut to 650.[9]

RAH-66 #2 received mission equipment and more powerful T800-LHT-801 engines and it continued flight testing, including testing of night vision and weapon systems in 2002 and 2003. EMD was planned to last six years with five Comanches built then for testing. Production on the RAH-66 #3 third (first EMD RAH-66) began in 2003. Following those, eight RAH-66s were to be built for operational testing.[5]

Cancellation

On 23 February 2004, the U.S. Army announced their decision to cancel the Comanche helicopter program in view of the need to provide funds to renovate the existing helicopter fleet of aging attack, utility, and reconnaissance aircraft.[10] The Army also planned to use Comanche program funds to speed up unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) development.[11] UAVs have proven their worth providing reconnaissance in support of military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. About US$6.9 billion had already been invested in the Comanche program at the time of its termination.[1] An additional US$450–680 million was required in contract termination fees to main program partners Sikorsky and Boeing Integrated Defense Systems.[12][13]

Technology developed for the Comanche is expected be integrated into the Apache and other U.S. military helicopter developments. The Army was developing the Bell ARH-70 to replace the OH-58D in place of the RAH-66, but after cost overruns, the ARH-70 was canceled in October 2008.

Design

The RAH-66 is powered by two LHTEC T800 turboshaft engines. The RAH-66's fuselage is 43 feet (13 m) long and is made of composite material. It incorporated stealth features to avoid detection, such as retractable weapon stations and main gun, and stealth faceting and radar absorbent materials. The Comanche's noise signature is noticeably smaller than others in its class. The U.S. Army's current armed scout helicopter is the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior, but it is an upgraded version of a Vietnam War-era observation helicopter. The Comanche however was specifically tailored to the role of armed scout. It is smaller and lighter than the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.[14]

The Comanche's very sophisticated detection and navigation systems were intended to allow it to operate at night and in bad weather. Its airframe was designed to fit more easily than the Apache into transport aircraft or onto transport ships, enabling it to be deployed to hot spots quickly. If transport assets were not available, the Comanche's ferry range of 1,260 nautical miles (2,330 km; 1,450 mi) would allow it to fly to battlefields overseas on its own.[14]

Aircraft on display

The prototype airframe, 95-0001, "The DUKE" is located at the US Army Aviation Museum in Fort Rucker, Alabama and 94-0327 was to arrive at the museum in 2008.

Specifications (RAH-66A)

A cutaway drawing of a RAH-66 Comanche

Data from Comanche RAH-66,[14] International Directory of Military Aircraft[3]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

Notable appearances in media

The Comanche is the featured helicopter that the player controls in the popular NovaLogic sim game series that began with Comanche: Maximum Overkill in 1992. The helicopter is also one of two featured player-controlled aircraft in the Razorworks sim Enemy Engaged: RAH-66 Comanche vs. KA-52 Hokum. The first appearance of the Comanche in a motion picture was in the 2003 Hulk film.

Frederick Brooks, creator of IBM's System/360 and author of The Mythical Man-Month, used the failure of the Comanche as the prime example of the harm done by bloated requirements in the design phase of a project.[15]

See also

Comparable aircraft

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Army cancels Comanche helicopter". CNN, February 23, 2004.
  2. ↑ Crawford, Steve. Twenty-First Century Military Helicopters, p. 88. MBI Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7603-1504-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Frawley, Gerard. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, p. 50. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
  4. ↑ Harding, Stephen. "Boeing-Sikorsky H-66 Comanche". U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jackson, Paul, ed. "Boeing Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche". Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 2006-2007. Jane's Information Group, 2006. ISBN 0710627459. (subscription article)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1904687849.
  7. ↑ "First Comanche Helicopter Prototype Unveiled". Boeing, 25 May 1995.
  8. ↑ "Comanche Helicopter Makes First Flight". Boeing, January 4, 1996.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bolkcom, Christopher. RS20522 "Army Aviation: The RAH-66 Comanche Helicopter Issue". Congressional Research Service, 2 July 2003.
  10. ↑ "Briefing on the Restructure and Revitalization of Army Aviation". U.S. Department of Defense, 23 February 2004.
  11. ↑ Fulghum, David A. and Robert Wall. "Comanche Helicopter Program Killed". Aviation Week, 29 February 2004.
  12. ↑ Stephen J. Hedges (24 February 2004). "Army to End Boeing, Sikorsky High-Tech Helicopter Development Program". Chicago Tribune. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8102188_ITM. Retrieved 2008-12-27. 
  13. ↑ Amy Klamper (24 February 2004). "Comanche contractors will see funding hikes in other programs". Government Executive.com. http://www.govexec.com/story_page_pf.cfm?articleid=27722&printerfriendlyvers=1. Retrieved 2008-12-27. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Comanche RAH-66 - 21st Century Multi-Mission Helicopter". Boeing Sikorsky, 1998.
  15. ↑ Brooks, Frederick P. The Design of Design, p. 39. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison Wesley, 2010. ISBN 0201362988.

External links

Boeing Vertol/Boeing Helicopters/Boeing Rotorcraft
Transport rotorcraft

CH-46/BV 107 · CH-113 · CH-47/Model 234/‎Chinook HC · Model 360 · YUH-61 · XCH-62 · V-22
Attack/reconnaissance helicopters

ACH-47A · AH-64/WAH-64 · RAH-66 · MELB/AH-6
Sikorsky Aircraft
Fixed-wing aircraft

S-1 · S-2 · S-3 · S-4 · S-5 · S-6 · S-7 · S-8 · S-9 · S-10 · S-11 · S-12 · S-13 · S-14 · S-15 · S-16 · S-17 · S-18 · S-19 · S-20 · S-21 · S-22 · S-23 · S-24 · S-25 · S-26 · S-27 · S-28 · S-29-A · S-30 · S-31 · S-32 · S-33 · S-34 · S-35 · S-36 · S-37 · S-38 · S-39 · S-40 · S-41 · S-42 · S-43 · VS-44 · S-45
Helicopters
(Company designations)

VS-300 (S-46) · S-47 · S-48 · S-49 · S-51 · S-52 · S-53 · S-54 · S-55 · S-56 · S-57 · S-58 · S-59 · S-60 · S-61 · S-61L/N · S-61R · S-62 · S-63 · S-64 · S-65 · S-66 · S-67 · S-68 · S-69 · S-70 · S-71 · S-72 · S-73 · S-74 · S-75 · S-76 · S-80 · S-92/H-92 · S-97 · S-300 · S-333 · S-434
Helicopters
(Military designations)

SH-3 · HH-3E/F · R-4 · H-5 · H-6 · H-18 · H-19 · H-34 · CH-37 · XH-39 · HH-52A · CH-53 · CH-53E · CH-53K · CH-54 · HH-60G · HH-60J · MH-60R/S · SH-60B/F · SH-60J/K • UH-60 · VH-60 · RAH-66 · CH-124 · CH-148
Experimental aircraft

Cypher · Cypher II · Firefly · X2 · XBLR-3
USAAC/USAAF/USAF/Joint Service Helicopter designations 1941–
Numerical sequence used by USAAC/USAAF/USAF 1941–Present; US Army 1948–1956 and 1962–present; US Navy 1962–present
Main sequence
Prefix R-, 1941–1948
Prefix H-, 1948–1962
H- with a mission prefix 1962–present

R-1 • R-2 • R-3 • R-4 • R-5/H-5 • R-6/H-6 • R-7 • R-8 • R-9/H-9 • R-10/H-10 • R-11/H-11 • R-12/H-12 • R-13/H-13/OH-13/UH-13J • R-14 • R-15/H-15 • R-16/H-16 • H-17 • H-18 • H-19/UH-19 • H-20 • H-21/CH-21 • H-22 • H-23/OH-23 • H-24 • H-25/UH-25 • XH-26 • H-27 • H-28 • H-29 • H-30 • H-31 • H-32 • H-33 • H-34/CH-34 • H-35 • (H-36 not assigned) • H-37/CH-37 • (H-38 not assigned) • XH-39 • H-40 • H-41 • H-42 • H-43/HH-43 • (H-44 and H-45 not assigned) • CH-46/HH-46 • CH-47 • UH-48 • H-49 • QH-50 • XH-51 • HH-52 • CH-53/HH-53/MH-53 • CH-54 • TH-55 • AH-56 • TH-57 • OH-58 • XH-59 • UH-60/SH-60/HH-60 • YUH-61 • XCH-62 • YAH-63 • AH-64 • HH-65 • RAH-66 • TH-67 • MH-68 • (H-69 not assigned) • ARH-70 • VH-71 • UH-72
1962 redesignations
reusing old numbers

AH-1/UH-1 • SH-2/SH-2G • SH-3/CH-3/HH-3 • OH-4 • OH-5 • OH-6/MH-6/AH-6
Lists relating to aviation
General
Timeline of aviation · Aircraft (manufacturers) · Aircraft engines (manufacturers) · Rotorcraft (manufacturers) · Airlines (defunct) · Airports · Civil authorities · Museums
Military
Air forces · Aircraft weapons · Experimental aircraft · Missiles · Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Accidents/incidents
General · Commercial (airliners) · Military
Records
Airspeed · Altitude · Distance · Endurance · Most-produced aircraft